of مقابل from: الانتماء والأصل والمادة

01of: belonging and parts

Use of for belonging, parts, and contents: a friend of mine, the door of the room, a cup of tea, the city of Paris. The word after of defines or owns the word before it. When you can rephrase with 's or with made-up-of language, of is usually right: the roof of the house, a piece of cake.

02from: origins and senders

Use from for origins, sources, and senders: come from Beijing, a letter from my teacher, advice from a friend. Movement starts there, messages start there. If the sentence answers where something started its journey — a trip, a package, a rumor — reach for from.

03made of vs made from

Materials split on a beautiful logic: made of when you can still recognize the material — a table made of wood, a ring made of gold. Made from when the material has transformed beyond recognition — paper is made from wood, wine is made from grapes. Exams test this pair because the rule is visible, not arbitrary.

04Adjectives that demand of

A closed set of adjectives always pairs with of: afraid of, proud of, full of, made up of, instead of. Afraid from or proud from are never correct, no matter the logic you invent. Learn these as adjective + of chunks, and check a dictionary's example sentences whenever a new adjective + preposition pair appears.

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